Count pairs with Bitwise XOR greater than both the elements of the pair

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Given an array arr[] of size N, the task is to count the number of pairs whose Bitwise XOR is greater than both the elements in the pair.

Examples:

Input: arr[] = {2, 4, 3}
Output: 2
Explanation: There are only 2 pairs whose Bitwise XOR is greater than both the elements in the pair:
1) (2, 4): Bitwise XOR = 2 ^ 4 = 6, which is greater than both 2 and 4.
2) (4, 3): Bitwise XOR = 4 ^ 3 = 7, which is greater than both 4 and 3.

Input: arr[] = {2, 2, 2}
Output: 0
Explanation:Since all array elements are the same, Bitwise XOR of all possible pairs is 0. Therefore, no such pair exists

Approach: The simplest approach is to generate all possible pairs from the given array and count those pairs whose Bitwise XOR is greater than both the elements. Print the count after checking all the pairs only once.

Below is the implementation of the above approach:

C++

// C++ program for the above approach
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
 
// Function that counts the pairs whose
// Bitwise XOR is greater than both
// the elements of pair
void countPairs(int A[], int N)
{
    // Stores the count of pairs
    int count = 0;
 
    // Generate all possible pairs
    for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
 
        for (int j = i + 1; j < N; j++) {
 
            // Find the Bitwise XOR
            int xo = (A[i] ^ A[j]);
 
            // Find the maximum of two
            int mx = max(A[i], A[j]);
 
            // If xo < mx, increment count
            if (xo > mx) {
                count++;
            }
        }
    }
 
    // Print the value of count
    cout << count;
}
 
// Driver Code
int main()
{
    int arr[] = { 2, 4, 3 };
 
    int N = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]);
 
    // Function Call
    countPairs(arr, N);
 
    return 0;
}

Java

// Java program for the above approach
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
 
class GFG{
 
// Function that counts the pairs whose
// Bitwise XOR is greater than both
// the elements of pair
static void countPairs(int[] A, int N)
{
     
    // Stores the count of pairs
    int count = 0;
 
    // Generate all possible pairs
    for(int i = 0; i < N; i++) 
    {
        for(int j = i + 1; j < N; j++)
        {
             
            // Find the Bitwise XOR
            int xo = (A[i] ^ A[j]);
 
            // Find the maximum of two
            int mx = Math.max(A[i], A[j]);
 
            // If xo < mx, increment count
            if (xo > mx)
            {
                count++;
            }
        }
    }
 
    // Print the value of count
    System.out.println(count);
}
 
// Driver Code
public static void main(String[] args)
{
    int[] arr = { 2, 4, 3 };
 
    int N = arr.length;
     
    // Function Call
    countPairs(arr, N);
}
}
 
// This code is contributed by akhilsaini

Python3

# Python3 program for the above approach
 
# Function that counts the pairs whose
# Bitwise XOR is greater than both
# the elements of pair
def countPairs(A, N):
     
    # Stores the count of pairs
    count = 0
 
    # Generate all possible pairs
    for i in range(0, N):
        for j in range(i + 1, N):
             
            # Find the Bitwise XOR
            xo = (A[i] ^ A[j])
 
            # Find the maximum of two
            mx = max(A[i], A[j])
 
            # If xo < mx, increment count
            if (xo > mx):
                count += 1
 
    # Print the value of count
    print(count)
 
# Driver Code
if __name__ == '__main__':
 
    arr = [ 2, 4, 3 ]
 
    N = len(arr)
 
    # Function Call
    countPairs(arr, N)
 
# This code is contributed by akhilsaini

C#

// C# program for the above approach
using System;
 
class GFG{
 
// Function that counts the pairs whose
// Bitwise XOR is greater than both
// the elements of pair
static void countPairs(int[] A, int N)
{
     
    // Stores the count of pairs
    int count = 0;
 
    // Generate all possible pairs
    for(int i = 0; i < N; i++)
    {
        for(int j = i + 1; j < N; j++) 
        {
             
            // Find the Bitwise XOR
            int xo = (A[i] ^ A[j]);
 
            // Find the maximum of two
            int mx = Math.Max(A[i], A[j]);
 
            // If xo < mx, increment count
            if (xo > mx)
            {
                count++;
            }
        }
    }
 
    // Print the value of count
    Console.WriteLine(count);
}
 
// Driver Code
public static void Main()
{
    int[] arr = { 2, 4, 3 };
 
    int N = arr.Length;
 
    // Function Call
    countPairs(arr, N);
}
}
 
// This code is contributed by akhilsaini

Javascript

<script>
 
// javascript program for the above approach    
// Function that counts the pairs whose
    // Bitwise XOR is greater than both
    // the elements of pair
    function countPairs(A , N) {
 
        // Stores the count of pairs
        var count = 0;
 
        // Generate all possible pairs
        for (i = 0; i < N; i++) {
            for (j = i + 1; j < N; j++) {
 
                // Find the Bitwise XOR
                var xo = (A[i] ^ A[j]);
 
                // Find the maximum of two
                var mx = Math.max(A[i], A[j]);
 
                // If xo < mx, increment count
                if (xo > mx) {
                    count++;
                }
            }
        }
 
        // Print the value of count
        document.write(count);
    }
 
    // Driver Code
     
        var arr = [ 2, 4, 3 ];
 
        var N = arr.length;
 
        // Function Call
        countPairs(arr, N);
 
// This code contributed by Rajput-Ji
 
</script>

Output:

Time Complexity: O(N²)
Auxiliary Space: O(1)

Efficient Approach: To optimize the above approach, the idea is to use Bit Manipulation. Consider X = A^B and A < B and Let K be the Most Significant Bit of the number A. Now, If X is greater than both the element A and B if and only if the K^th bit of B is 0. If the K^th bit of an integer is already 0, then count the numbers such that the K^th bit is the MSB bit of the other integer. Below are the steps:

Initialize a variable count to store the count of pairs and an array say bits[] of size 32 and sort the given array.
Traverse the array and do the following:
- If the current element is 0 then check for the next element.
- Else traverse all the bits of the current element and if any bit at position j is set then increment the count by bits[j].
- After the above steps, Update the bits[log₂(current element)] by 1.
After the above steps, print the value of the count as the result.

Below is the implementation of the above approach:

C++

// C++ program for the above approach
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
 
// Function to count pairs whose XOR
// is greater than the pair itself
void countPairs(int A[], int N)
{
    // Stores the count of pairs
    int count = 0;
 
    // Sort the array
    sort(A, A + N);
 
    int bits[32] = { 0 };
 
    // Traverse the array
    for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
 
        // If current element is 0,
        // then ignore it
        if (A[i] == 0) {
            continue;
        }
 
        // Traverse all the bits of
        // element A[i]
        for (int j = 0; j < 32; j++) {
 
            // If current bit is set
            // then update the count
            if (!((1LL << j) & A[i])) {
                count += bits[j];
            }
        }
 
        // Update bits[] at the most
        // significant bit of A[i]
        ++bits[(int)(log2l(A[i]))];
    }
 
    // Print the count
    cout << count;
}
 
// Driver Code
int main()
{
    int arr[] = { 2, 4, 3 };
 
    int N = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]);
 
    // Function Call
    countPairs(arr, N);
 
    return 0;
}

Java

// Java program for the above approach
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
 
class GFG{
 
// Function to count pairs whose XOR
// is greater than the pair itself
static void countPairs(int[] A, int N)
{
     
    // Stores the count of pairs
    int count = 0;
 
    // Sort the array
    Arrays.sort(A);
 
    int[] bits = new int[32];
 
    // Traverse the array
    for(int i = 0; i < N; i++)
    {
         
        // If current element is 0,
        // then ignore it
        if (A[i] == 0)
        {
            continue;
        }
 
        // Traverse all the bits of
        // element A[i]
        for(int j = 0; j < 32; j++)
        {
             
            // If current bit is set
            // then update the count
            if (((1 << j) & A[i]) == 0)
            {
                count += bits[j];
            }
        }
 
        // Update bits[] at the most
        // significant bit of A[i]
        ++bits[(int)((int)(Math.log(A[i]) /
                           Math.log(2)))];
    }
 
    // Print the count
    System.out.println(count);
}
 
// Driver Code
public static void main(String[] args)
{
    int[] arr = { 2, 4, 3 };
 
    int N = arr.length;
 
    // Function Call
    countPairs(arr, N);
}
}
 
// This code is contributed by akhilsaini

Python3

# Python3 program for the above approach
import math
 
# Function to count pairs whose XOR
# is greater than the pair itself
def countPairs(A, N):
     
    # Stores the count of pairs
    count = 0
 
    # Sort the array
    A.sort()
 
    bits = [0] * 32
 
    # Traverse the array
    for i in range(0, N):
 
        # If current element is 0,
        # then ignore it
        if (A[i] == 0):
            continue
 
        # Traverse all the bits of
        # element A[i]
        for j in range(0, 32):
 
            # If current bit is set
            # then update the count
            if (((1 << j) & A[i]) == 0):
                count += bits[j]
 
        # Update bits[] at the most
        # significant bit of A[i]
        bits[(int)(math.log(A[i], 2))] += 1
 
    # Print the count
    print(count)
 
# Driver Code
if __name__ == '__main__':
 
    arr = [ 2, 4, 3 ]
 
    N = len(arr)
 
    # Function Call
    countPairs(arr, N)
 
# This code is contributed by akhilsaini

C#

// C# program for the above approach
using System;
 
class GFG{
 
// Function to count pairs whose XOR
// is greater than the pair itself
static void countPairs(int[] A, int N)
{
     
    // Stores the count of pairs
    int count = 0;
 
    // Sort the array
    Array.Sort(A);
 
    int[] bits = new int[32];
 
    // Traverse the array
    for(int i = 0; i < N; i++) 
    {
         
        // If current element is 0,
        // then ignore it
        if (A[i] == 0) 
        {
            continue;
        }
 
        // Traverse all the bits of
        // element A[i]
        for(int j = 0; j < 32; j++)
        {
             
            // If current bit is set
            // then update the count
            if (((1 << j) & A[i]) == 0) 
            {
                count += bits[j];
            }
        }
 
        // Update bits[] at the most
        // significant bit of A[i]
        ++bits[(int)((int)(Math.Log(A[i]) / 
                           Math.Log(2)))];
    }
 
    // Print the count
    Console.WriteLine(count);
}
 
// Driver Code
public static void Main()
{
    int[] arr = { 2, 4, 3 };
 
    int N = arr.Length;
 
    // Function Call
    countPairs(arr, N);
}
}
 
// This code is contributed by akhilsaini

Javascript

<script>
// javascript program for the above approach    
// Function to count pairs whose XOR
    // is greater than the pair itself
    function countPairs(A , N) {
 
        // Stores the count of pairs
        var count = 0;
 
        // Sort the array
        A.sort();
 
        var bits = Array(32).fill(0);
 
        // Traverse the array
        for (i = 0; i < N; i++) {
 
            // If current element is 0,
            // then ignore it
            if (A[i] == 0) {
                continue;
            }
 
            // Traverse all the bits of
            // element A[i]
            for (j = 0; j < 32; j++) {
 
                // If current bit is set
                // then update the count
                if (((1 << j) & A[i]) == 0) {
                    count += bits[j];
                }
            }
 
            // Update bits at the most
            // significant bit of A[i]
            bits[parseInt(Math.log(A[i]) / Math.log(2))]++;
        }
 
        // Print the count
        document.write(count);
    }
 
    // Driver Code
    var arr = [ 2, 4, 3 ];
    var N = arr.length;
 
    // Function Call
    countPairs(arr, N);
 
// This code is contributed by Rajput-Ji. 
</script>

Output:

Time Complexity: O(N*log N)
Auxiliary Space: O(1)

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