Accessing Web Resources using Factory Method Design Pattern in Python

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A factory is a class for building other objects, where it creates and returns an object based on the passed parameters. Here, the client provides materials to the Factory class, and the Factory class creates and returns the products based on the given material. A Factory is not a design pattern, but it serves as a basis for the Factory Method Design Pattern.

Before getting into the Factory Method design pattern, let’s create a Simple Factory. In the below example, the SimpleFactory class has a static method called build_connection() to create objects based on the received parameter.

Python3

import http.client 
from ftplib import FTP 
  
  
class SimpleFactory(object): 
    
    @staticmethod
    def build_connection(protocol): 
        if protocol == 'https': 
            return http.client.HTTPSConnection('www.python.org') 
        elif protocol == 'ftp': 
            return FTP('ftp1.at.proftpd.org') 
        else: 
            raise RuntimeError('Unknown protocol') 
  
  
if __name__ == '__main__': 
    
    input_protocol = input('Which protocol to use? (https or ftp):') 
    protocol = SimpleFactory.build_connection(input_protocol) 
      
    if input_protocol == 'https': 
        protocol.request("GET", "/") 
        resp = protocol.getresponse() 
        print(resp.status, resp.reason) 
      
    elif input_protocol == 'ftp': 
        resp = protocol.login() 
        print(resp) 

Let’s look into the output

Output

Here, you provide the type of protocol as an argument, and the factory class creates and returns the object based on the argument. The point to note is that object creation is not the responsibility of the client.

Factory Method Design Pattern

Factory Method Design Pattern is identical to a simple factory, but its structure is complicated compared to a simple factory structure. It has an abstract class that contains factory methods (to create objects) and operation methods (to work with created objects). And, the concrete classes that create objects are derived from the abstract class.

This pattern helps to define an interface to create an object. Here the classes that implement the interface decide which class to instantiate. Hence, the operation methods in the abstract class need not worry about object creation until the product interface is implemented.

Note: If you are a beginner, I strongly recommend you to go through the Factory Method – Python Design Patterns.

Advantages of the Factory Method Design Pattern

Let’s look into the advantages of the Factory Design Pattern. A few of them are:

It makes code more universal
It separates interfaces from implementation
It reduces the complexity of code maintenance.

Accessing Web Resources Using Different Protocol

Let’s implement a program for accessing web resources using HTTP or FTP protocol. Here, we will use the site ftp.freebsd.org that allows both HTTP and FTP protocol.

Factory Method Design Pattern

From the above diagram, we can understand that the design has an abstract class called Connector, and two concrete classes – HTTPConnector and FTPConnector. The two concrete classes are derived from the Connector class, and the factory methods in the abstract class use these classes for product creation. Let’s look into the code below.

Python3

import abc 
import urllib 
import urllib.error 
import urllib.request 
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup 
  
  
class Connector(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta): 
    def __init__(self, is_secure): 
        self.is_secure = is_secure 
        self.port = self.factory_port() 
        self.protocol = self.factory_protocol() 
  
    @abc.abstractmethod 
    def crawl(self): 
        pass
  
    def scan(self, con_domain, con_path): 
        url = self.protocol + '://'+ con_domain \ 
              + ':' + str(self.port) + con_path 
        print(url) 
        return urllib.request.urlopen(url, timeout=10).read() 
  
    @abc.abstractmethod 
    def factory_protocol(self): 
        pass
  
    @abc.abstractmethod 
    def factory_port(self): 
        pass
  
class HTTPConnector(Connector): 
    """ Creates an HTTP Connector """
  
    def factory_protocol(self): 
        if self.is_secure: 
            return 'https'
        return 'http'
  
    def factory_port(self): 
        if self.is_secure: 
            return '443'
        return '80'
  
    def crawl(self, data): 
        """ crawls web content """
        filenames = [] 
        soup = BeautifulSoup(data,"html.parser") 
        links = soup.table.findAll('a') 
          
        for link in links: 
            filenames.append(link['href']) 
        return '\n'.join(filenames) 
  
class FTPConnector(Connector): 
    def factory_protocol(self): 
        return 'ftp'
  
    def factory_port(self): 
        return '21'
  
    def crawl(self, data): 
        # converting byte to string 
        data = str(data, 'utf-8') 
        lines = data.split('\n') 
        filenames = [] 
        for line in lines: 
            extract_line = line.split(None, 8) 
            if len(extract_line) == 9: 
                filenames.append(extract_line[-1]) 
                  
        return '\n'.join(filenames) 
  
if __name__ == "__main__": 
    con_domain = 'ftp.freebsd.org'
    con_path = '/pub/FreeBSD/'
  
    con_protocol = input('Choose the protocol \ 
                    (0-http, 1-ftp): ') 
      
    if con_protocol == '0': 
        is_secure = input('Use secure connection? (1-yes, 0-no):') 
        if is_secure == '1': 
            is_secure = True
        else: 
            is_secure = False
        connector = HTTPConnector(is_secure) 
    else: 
        is_secure = False
        connector = FTPConnector(is_secure) 
  
    try: 
        data = connector.scan(con_domain, con_path) 
    except urllib.error.URLError as e: 
        print('Cannot access resource with this method', e) 
    else: 
        print(connector.crawl(data)) 
         

In this program, we connect to a web page using the HTTP or FTP protocol. The Connector abstract class is designed to establish a connection (scan method), and as well as for crawling the pages (crawl method). In addition to this, it provides two factory methods – factory_protocol and factory_port – to deal with protocol and port address.

Let’s look into the output.

Output

Summary

A factory class is used to create other classes, It makes the code more universal. The factory methods in factory classes act as an interface for creating an object, thereby it separates interface from implementation. As a result, classes can implement these interface methods and can decide which class to instantiate.