Sum of XOR of sum of all pairs in an array

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Given an array, find the XOR of sum of all pairs in an array.

Examples:

Input  : arr[] = {1, 2, 3}
Output : 0
(1 + 1) ^ (1 + 2) ^ (1 + 3) ^ (2 + 1) ^ (2 + 2) ^ 
(2 + 3) ^ (3 + 1) ^ (3 + 2) ^ (3 + 3) = 0

Input  : arr[] = {1, 2, 3, 4}
Output : 8

Implementation: A naive approach is to consider all the pairs one by one, calculate their XOR one after the other.

C++

// CPP program to find XOR of pair
// sums.
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
 
using namespace std;
 
int xorPairSum(int ar[], int n)
{
    int sum = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) 
        for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) 
            sum = sum ^ (ar[i] + ar[j]);
    return sum;
}
 
// Driver code
int main()
{
    int arr[] = { 1, 2, 3 };
    int n = sizeof(arr)/sizeof(arr[0]);
    cout << xorPairSum(arr, n);
    return 0;
}

Java

// Java program to find XOR of pair sums.
import java.io.*;
  
class GFG {
 
// method to find XOR of pair sums
static int xorPairSum(int ar[], int n)
{
    int sum = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) 
        for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) 
            sum = sum ^ (ar[i] + ar[j]);
    return sum;
}
  
    // Driver code
    public static void main (String[] args) 
    {
        int arr[] = {1, 2, 3};
        int n = arr.length;
        System.out.print( xorPairSum(arr, n));
    }
}
 
// This code is contributed by chandan_jnu.

Python3

# Python program to find 
# XOR of pair sums.
 
def xor_pair_sum(ar, n):
    total = 0
    for i in range(n):
        for j in range(n):
            total = total ^ (ar[i] + ar[j])
 
    return total
 
 
# Driver program to test the above function
if __name__ == "__main__":
    data = [1, 2, 3]
    print(xor_pair_sum(data, len(data)))
 
# This code is contributed
# by Kanav Malhotra

C#

// C# program to find
// XOR of pair sums.
using System;
 
class GFG
{ 
static int xorPairSum(int []ar, 
                    int n)
{
    int sum = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) 
        for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) 
            sum = sum ^ (ar[i] + ar[j]);
    return sum;
}
 
// Driver code
static public void Main(String []args)
{
    int []arr = { 1, 2, 3 };
    int n = arr.Length;
    Console.WriteLine(xorPairSum(arr, n));
}
}
 
// This code is contributed
// by Arnab Kundu

PHP

<?php
// PHP program to find 
// XOR of pair sums.
 
function xorPairSum($ar, $n)
{
    $sum = 0;
    for ($i = 0; $i < $n; $i++) 
        $sum = $sum ^ ($ar[$i] + 
                       $ar[$j]);
    return $sum;
}
 
// Driver code
$arr = array( 1, 2, 3 );
$n = count($arr);
echo xorPairSum($arr, $n);
 
// This code is contributed 
// by Subhadeep
?>

Javascript

<script>
 
// JavaScript program to find XOR of pair 
// sums. 
 
function xorPairSum(ar, n) 
{ 
    let sum = 0; 
    for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) 
        for (let j = 0; j < n; j++) 
            sum = sum ^ (ar[i] + ar[j]); 
    return sum; 
} 
 
// Driver code 
 
    let arr = [ 1, 2, 3 ]; 
    let n = arr.length; 
    document.write(xorPairSum(arr, n)); 
 
// This code is contributed by Surbhi Tyagi
 
</script>

Output

Time Complexity : O(N²)

Auxiliary Space: O(1)

Implementation: An efficient solution is based on XOR properties. We simply calculate the XOR of every element and then just multiply it by two.

C++

// CPP program to find XOR of pair
// sums.
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
 
using namespace std;
 
int xorPairSum(int ar[], int n)
{
    int sum = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) 
       sum = sum ^ ar[i];
    return 2*sum;
}
 
// Driver code
int main()
{
    int arr[] = { 1, 2, 3 };
    int n = sizeof(arr)/sizeof(arr[0]);
    cout << xorPairSum(arr, n);
    return 0;
}

Java

// Java program to find 
// XOR of pair sums.
class GFG
{ 
     
static int xorPairSum(int ar[],
                      int n)
{
    int sum = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) 
    sum = sum ^ ar[i];
    return 2 * sum;
}
 
// Driver code
public static void main(String args[])
{
    int arr[] = { 1, 2, 3 };
    int n = arr.length;
    System.out.println( xorPairSum(arr, n));
}
}
 
// This code is contributed 
// by Arnab Kundu

Python3

# Python3 program to find 
# XOR of pair sums.
 
def xor_pair_sum(ar, n):
    total = 0
    for i in range(n):
        total = total ^ ar[i]
 
    return 2 * total
 
 
# Driver program to test the above function
if __name__ == "__main__":
    data = [1, 2, 3]
    print(xor_pair_sum(data, len(data)))
 
# This code is contributed
# by Kanav Malhotra

C#

// C# program to find 
// XOR of pair sums.
using System;
 
class GFG
{ 
     
static int xorPairSum(int []ar, 
                    int n)
{
    int sum = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) 
    sum = sum ^ ar[i];
    return 2 * sum;
}
 
// Driver code
static public void Main(String []args)
{
    int []arr = { 1, 2, 3 };
    int n = arr.Length;
    Console.WriteLine( xorPairSum(arr, n));
}
}
 
// This code is contributed
// by Arnab Kundu

PHP

<?php
// PHP program to find 
// XOR of pair sums.
 
function xor_pair_sum($ar, $n)
{
    $total = 0;
    for($i = 0; $i < $n; $i++)
        $total = $total ^ $ar[$i];
 
    return (2 * $total);
}
 
// Driver Code
$data = array(1, 2, 3);
$n = sizeof($data);
echo xor_pair_sum($data, $n);
 
// This code is contributed
// by mits
?>

Javascript

<script>
 
// Javascript program to find 
// XOR of pair sums.
  
     
function xorPairSum(ar, n)
{
    var sum = 0;
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) 
    sum = sum ^ ar[i];
    return 2 * sum;
}
 
// Driver code
 
var arr = [ 1, 2, 3 ];
var n = arr.length;
document.write( xorPairSum(arr, n));
 
 
// This code is contributed by Amit Katiyar 
 
</script>

Output

Time Complexity : O(N)

Auxiliary Space: O(1)

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